We briefly describe models of personality based on questionnaires like the Big Five (a.k.a. OCEAN, Five Factor Model), HEXACO and Zuckerman-Kuhlman.

1 Q&A and I just want to…

• Take a personality questionnaire
  Take the BFI-2 (60 items). You can ignore the About You section. Alternative link: https://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/.

• Where is the ennegram?
  In the garbage. It is too vague to be of any use.

2 General considerations

• Psychology is not science
  All psychological concepts are intrinsically vague. They can not be measured. They can be evaluated, which involves a specific conception of what that concept means. Any psychological concept is understood in slightly different ways by different people.

  Implications:

  • There are no measurements, like in physics.

  • In the literature, it is common to assume there is a latent variable. However, such things do not exist in an objective sense. They are statstical fictions, like IQ (see https://ksenia.sexy/en/iq_fallacy).

• For good or bad, psychology is mostly researched through questionnaires.
  In the past, it was more common that researchers hypothesized “how the mind works” in a conceptual level, sometimes attempting and mostly failing to relating it with biology. For example: In a typical paper from the 1950s on schizophrenia, we can expect to find prose descriptions of several schizophrenics and a section with the author’s interpretation of how the observations relate to other things. In a typical paper from the 2010s on schizophrenia, we can expect to find questionnaires and statistical analyses showing correlates between scores in a scale of schizophrenia (E.g.: the PANAS) and other things.

  Implications:

  • Recent research (1990-present) hardly helps to understand how the mind of a particular person works and to build an intuition for how people think.

  • Resent research is more useful in terms of predicting high-level parameters of life from scores in questionnaires. E.g.: Predicting personality as assessed in the IPIP-BFFM-50 based on career choice.

  • Overall, recent research is far less useful for individuals to develop mind reading skills.

  • There are lots of questionnaires to evaluate psychological things, mostly coming from research 2000-present.

  • The reader interested in learning about personality models must be very familiar with the most basic stastical concepts (means, variance, standard deviation, covariance, Pearson correlation, root mean squared error of approximation, linear regression, principal component analysis, etc.) and statistical concepts specific to questionnaires (Cronbach α, varimax rotation, etc.).

• Bandwidth-fidelity tradeoff
  For a questionnaire, the bandwidth is how much “area” in concept space it encompasses. The fidelity is to what extent all items reflect the same concept.

• As far as is known to the author: apart from this web site, there is no list of personality questionnaires that attempts to be exhaustive.

• Models vs questionnaires
  There is no well-defined boundary between personality models when studied on their own (e.g.: The Lexical Big Five in a book about said model) and personality models implicitly defined by a single questionnaire. All models are implicity defined by the questionnaires used to evaluate them.

  At the most elementary level, every different questionnaire defines one personality model. E.g.: “The Big Five as evaluated by the IPIP-FFM-50” is a different personality model from “The Big Five as evaluated by the BFI”.

  However, in practice we introduce the fictitious concept of abstract personality models separate from a single questionnaire. Under this fiction, we say that the Big Five is a single model evaluated by several questionnaires, including the IPIP-FFM-50 and the BFI.

• Lumping vs splitting personality models
  For the most part, after reading the introductory paper of 2 questionnaires it is obvious whether they assess the same abstract questionnaire (i.e.: the choice of whether we will entertain such a fiction is obvious). There are exceptions. In particular, the Big Five Model and the Five Factor Model are sometimes considered different models and sometimes considered the same. Here we consider them separate as much as practicable.

• Models of personality are included if they have received at least minimal coverage in scientific journals or e-prints (~20 papers).

• Use POMP to report score in questionnaires
  Always report the score of questionnaires in percent of maximum possible (POMP). This is a linear scale with the range [0, 100].

  POMP = round(100 × (raw-score − min) / (max − min))

  where

  • raw-score is the score obtained in a parcel of the questionnaire.
  • min is the minimum possible score in that parcel.
  • max is the maximum possible score.
  • round is rounding to nearest integer and break ties by rounding to the nearest even integer.

  Ref: Cohen (2010) The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for POMP https://sci-hub.se/10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_2.

  If appropriate –in addition to POMP– include the Z-score and centile with respect to reference population.

  POMP can always be compared between different questionnaires that evaluate the same concept. The total score is meaningless as it depends on the number of elements and therefore typically it can not be compared with any other score. The average score per item can be compared only to other parcels with the same number and value of responses. Centile and Z-scores are useful but should not be the only scores included. They depend not only on the score obtained in the questionnaire but also the choice of reference population. Moreover, centile –in the general case– is not linear with respect to the raw score.

• Ksenia Questionnaire Identifier (TO-DO)
  We assign a stable Archival Resource Key (ARK) to every questionnaire to provide an unambiguous and stable way to reference it.

2.1 Study design

• https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.09.001
• Hilbig (2020) All Models (of Basic Personality Structure) Are Wrong, but Some Are Useful

3 Comparisons

• Thalmayer (2011) Comparative Validity of Brief to Medium-Length Big Five and Big Six Personality Questionnaires.
• Sleep (2020) A Comparison of the Validity of Very Brief Measures of the Big Five/Five-Factor Model of Personality https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/1073191120939160.

4 Models

4.1 Big Five

A.k.a. OCEAN personality model.

• Originates with the lexical approach

• Is the most used personality model in academia

• Domains are loosely-defined
  Every domain is better thought as a collection of related things than a single thing, especially B5-O.

• There is no standard division beyond domains
  Facets depend on the questionnaire.

  ---

  This is an upside because it allow that several different facet-level divisions co-exist and one can chose the most suitable for one’s purposes.

  For a reviews of the many ways domains have been split into facets see:
  Schwaba (2020) A facet atlas: Visualizing networks that describe the blends, cores, and peripheries of personality structure https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236893.

• Anchored to Goldberg 100 unipolar markers
  De-facto, the Big Five is anchored to Goldberg 100 unipolar markers.

  ---

  That means that the Big Five model is loosely defined by Goldberg 100 unipolar markers. However, it is not tied to it. Any other questionnaire based on the same concept can be used. Any questionnaire that purports to evaluate the Big Five must agree broadly with Goldberg 100 unipolar markers. This assures that the meaning of the Big Five does not drift without bound with the passage of time.

4.1.1 Domains

The last letter of abbreviations is de-facto standard. The “B5-” prefix to distinguish it as corresponding to the Big Five model is our own.

• Extraversion (B5-E)
• Agreeableness (B5-A)
• Conscientiousness (B5-C)
• Negative emotionality (B5-N)
• Open-mindedness (B5-O)

For each domain we list the adjectives from Saucier (1994) Mini-Markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg’s Unipolar Big-Five Markers https://sci-hub.se/10.1207/S15327752JPA6303_8.

4.1.1.1 Extraversion (B5-E)

Other names: Surgency.

• Being sociable vs being a loner.
• Taking the initiative vs letting things come naturally.
• Positive emotions vs coldness.

Adjectives:

• Shy (R)
• Quiet (R)
• Talkative
• Bashful (R)
• Withdrawn (R)
• Extroverted
• Bold
• Energetic

4.1.1.2 Agreeableness (B5-A)

Other names: Antagonism (R), Pleasantness.

The low pole is antagonism. Propensity to cooperate with others instead of antagonizing others.

Adjectives:

• Sympathetic
• Warm
• Kind
• Cold (R)
• Unsympathetic (R)
• Rude (R)
• Harsh (R)
• Cooperative

See also our page on psychopathy.

• Scope
  B5-A evaluates the inclination to cooperate with people instead of antagonizing them. At the low pole is psychoapths and antisocial people in general. At the high pole is “nice people”.

• Name
  The name “agreeableness” is de facto standard. However, it is inaccurate if interpreted literally (as the tendency to agree with others). Agreeing is not the same as cooperating.

• Correlation with dark tetrad
  For domain-level and facet-level correlations of BFI-2, BFAS and HEXACO-PI-R-60 with the SD3 see:
  Kaufman (2019) The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467

4.1.1.2.1 5-Factor model for agreeableness

Several researchers have taken items of agreeableness from Big Five inventories and related subscales and analyzed them using Goldberg bass-ackward method. These studies have mostly agreed on the content of the factors. The factor names and example items are from Vize (2020).

• Compassion vs Callousness
  Being riddled by empathy and an altruistic concern for other’s welfare. Conceptually equivalent to PPI Coldheartedness (R).

  Example items:

  • I am concerned about others.
  • I sympathize with others’ feelings.
  • I can’t be bothered with other’s needs. (R)
  • I try to take others’ feelings into account.
  • I like to do things for others.

• Morality vs Immorality
  Following social norms of social interaction including the law and honesty.

  Example items:

  • If I knew I wouldn’t get caught, I’d be willing to break the law. (R)
  • I use flattery to get ahead. (R)
  • If I want something from someone, I will laugh at that person’s worst jokes. (R)
  • I cheat to get ahead. (R)
  • I take advantage of others. (R)

• Trust vs Distrust
  This factor also evaluates forgiveness vs vengativeness.

  Example items:

  • I distrust people. (R)
  • I generally take people at their word.
  • I have a hard time taking someone’s word. (R)
  • I see myself as someone who is generally trusting.
  • I think most people act in good faith.

• Domineering vs Meekness
  This corresponds to Factor 5.1 of Crowe (2018) Modesty vs Arrogance. It is grandiose narcissism (R).

  Example items:

  • I try to be modest about my accomplishments.
  • I don’t like to brag about my accomplishments.
  • I’m not one to boast or brag.
  • It is better to be modest and humble than to be proud and boastful.
  • I like to show off whenever I can. (R)

• Affability vs Combativeness

  Example items:

  • I insult people. (R)
  • People think of me as someone who has a quick temper. (R)
  • I see myself as someone who is sometimes rude to others. (R)
  • I see myself as someone who starts quarrels with others. (R)
  • Some people see me as insensitive. (R)

• Bader (2021) Themes of the Dark Core of Personality. Supplementary information: https://osf.io/bc4et/.
  Used a modified bass-ackward to examine the D-70 questionnaire.

• Van Teffelen (2020) Uncovering the hierarchical structure of self-reported hostility.

• Vize (2020) Examining the Conceptual and Empirical Distinctiveness of Agreeableness and “Dark” Journal of Personality. Supplementary information: https://osf.io/3ah7x/.

• Crowe (2019) Chapter The structure of antagonism of book The Handbook of Antagonism.

• Crowe (2018) Uncovering the structure of agreeableness from self-report measures.
  This is the first paper to apply the bass-ackward approach to B5-A.

4.1.1.3 Conscientiousness (B5-C)

Other names: Dependability.

Propensity to be thorough in tasks one performs. Seeking and enforcing order. Being responsible

Adjectives:

• Organized
• Disorganized (R)
• Efficient
• Systematic
• Sloppy (R)
• Inefficient (R)
• Careless (R)
• Practical

4.1.1.4 Negative emotionality (B5-N)

Other names: Neuroticism, Emotional stability (R).

Propensity to negative emotions.

• Irritability vs being unaffected.
• Sadness vs equanimity.
• Insecure vs confident.

Adjectives:

• Unenvious
• Moody (R)
• Jealous (R)
• Temperamental (R)
• Envious (R)
• Touchy (R)
• Fretful (R)
• Relaxed

4.1.1.5 Open-mindedness (B5-O)

Other name: Intellect, Culture, Openness to experience.

This domain is the most diverse in descriptions of it. Being open to new ideas instead of ideologically stubborn. It does not refer to being socially open.

Adjectives:

• Creative
• Uncreative (R)
• Imaginative
• Philosophical
• Intellectual
• Unintellectual (R)
• Complex
• Deep

4.1.2 List of Big Five questionnaires

• IPIP Big Five Factor Markers, 50 item version (IPIP-BFFM-50-GOL2001)
  Items: 50.
  Introductory paper: http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/STD/FileManager/OsamaArticle/26august2015/A%20broad-bandwidth%20inventory.pdf.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/newBigFive5broadKey.htm, https://ipip.ori.org/new_ipip-50-item-scale.htm.
  Take online: https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/IPIP-BFFM/, https://psytests.org/bigfive/bffm100en-run.html.

  Factors:

  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscetiousness
  • Emotional stability
  • Intellect/imagination

  Apparently this scale was introduced in the IPIP web site, not in an academic journal publication. There is no official name. It is usually referred to as

  • IPIP Big Five Factor Markers
  • IPIP Five Factor Markers
  • IPIP scale for the Goldberg (1992) markers
  • IPIP-50 (ambiguous name)
  • Goldberg’s IPIP Big Five Factor Markers https://asset-pdf.scinapse.io/prod/1997730828/1997730828.pdf

  Goldberg, the author of this questionnaire, refers to it as “IPIP Big Five Factor Markers in Mlačic (2007) An Analysis of a Cross-Cultural Personality Inventory: The IPIP Big-Five Factor Markers in Croatia https://projects.ori.org/lrg/PDFs_papers/Mlacic&Goldberg_2007_JPA.pdf. See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285203927 for a note about the difference between the Lexical Big Five and the Five Factor Model.

  Reference this scale as Goldberg (2006) The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures.

  Validation:

  • Gow (2005) Goldberg’s ‘Big-Five factor markers’: Internal consistency and concurrent validation in Scotland https://asset-pdf.scinapse.io/prod/1997730828/1997730828.pdf.
  • Mlačic (2007) An Analysis of a Cross-Cultural Personality Inventory: The IPIP Big-Five Factor Markers in Croatia https://projects.ori.org/lrg/PDFs_papers/Mlacic&Goldberg_2007_JPA.pdf. The IPIP Big-Five Factor Markers in Croatia*
  • Zheng (2008) Reliability and Concurrent Validation of the IPIP Big-Five Factor Markers in China: Consistencies in Factor Structure between Internet-Obtained Heterosexual and Homosexual Samples https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851096/.
  • Strus (2014) The Polish adaptation of the IPIP-BFM-50 questionnaire for measuring five personality traits in the lexical approach https://dlibra.kul.pl/Content/20695/RPsych2014nr2s347-366_Strus_InniEN.pdf.
  • Ypofanti (2015) Psychometric Properties of the International Personality Item Pool Big-Five Personality Questionnaire for the Greek population https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768534/.

• IPIP Big Five Factor Markers, 100 item version (IPIP-BFFM-100-GOL2001)
  Items: 100.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/newBigFive5broadKey.htm, https://ipip.ori.org/new_ipip-50-item-scale.htm.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/bffm100en-run.html.

  Extended version of IPIP-BFFM-50.

• Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex (ABC5)
  Items: 485.
  Introduced in: Johnson (2003) Clarification of the Five-Factor Model With the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex https://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.497.1198.
  List of items: In introductory paper.

• Mini-IPIP
  Items: 20.
  Introduced in: Donnellan (2006) The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-Effective Measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7014171.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/MiniIPIPKey.htm.

  Abbreviated version of IPIP-BFFM-50.

• Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ)
  Items: 10.
  List of items: https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0191-8869%2893%2990218-R.

• Big Five Inventory (BFI)
  Items: 44.
  List of items: https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/Personality-BigFiveInventory.pdf.
  Web page: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~johnlab/bfi.htm.
  Take online: https://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/, https://psytests.org/bigfive/bfien.html.
  External links: https://psychologyroots.com/the-big-five-inventory-bfi/#The_Big_Five_Inventory_BFI

• Big Five Inventory, 10-item version (BFI-10)
  Items: 10.
  https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.193, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.588.1086&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

• Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2-SOJ2017)
  Items: 60.
  Web site: https://www.colby.edu/psych/personality-lab/.
  Introduced in: https://sci-hub.se/10.1037/pspp0000096.
  List of items: Introductory paper, https://www.colby.edu/psych/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2013/08/bfi2-item-list.pdf.
  Take online: http://www.personalitylab.org/tests/bfi2_self_pol.htm.

  Domains and facets.

  • Extraversion

    • Sociability
    • Assertiveness
    • Energy Level

  • Agreeableness

    • Compassion
    • Respectfullness
    • Trust

  • Conscientiousness

    • Organization
    • Productiveness
    • Responsibility

  • Negative Emotionality

    • Anxiety
    • Depression
    • Emotional Volatility

  • Open-Mindedness

    • Intellectual Curiosity
    • Aesthetic Sensitivity
    • Creative Imagination

• Big Five Inventory 2—Short Form (BFI-2-S)
  Items: 30.
  Web site: https://www.colby.edu/psych/personality-lab/
  Introduced in: Soto (2017) Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory–2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314015515.
  List of items: in introductory paper.

• Big Five Inventory 2—Extra Short Form (BFI-2-XS)
  Items: 15.
  Introduced in: Soto (2017) Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory–2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314015515.
  List of items: in introductory paper.

• Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ-MOR2014)
  Items: 50.
  Introduced in: Morizot (2014) Construct Validity of Adolescents’ Self-Reported Big Five Personality Traits https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/1073191114524015.
  List of items: In introductory paper.

  Based on the BFI. Designed to have more conceptual breadth. Shares some items.

  Judging from the introductory paper, special care has been placed into the face validity and concept breadth of this questionnaire.

• Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS-DQP2007)
  Items: 100.
  Introduced in: https://selfhacked.com/app/uploads/2017/11/10-Aspects-of-the-Big-Five.pdf.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/BFASKeys.htm.
  Take online: https://bigfiveaspects.com/.

  The BFAS is organized in a 2-level hierarchy that splits each domain in 2 aspects. The aspects are chosen to be as uncorrelated as possible within that domain.

  Domains and aspects.

  • Neuroticism

    • Volatility
    • Withdrawal

  • Agreeableness

    • Compassion
    • Politeness

  • Conscientiousness

    • Industriousness
    • Orderliness

  • Extraversion

    • Enthusiasm
    • Assertiveness

  • Openness/Intellect

    • Intellect
    • Openness

• Faceted Inventory of the Five Factor Model (FI-FFM)
  Items: 207.
  Introduced in: Watson (2017) Development and Validation of the Faceted Inventory of the Five-Factor Model (FI-FFM) https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073191117711022.
  List of items: In introductory paper.

  Domains and facets:

  • Extraversion

    • Positive Temperament
    • Sociability
    • Ascendance
    • Venturesomeness
    • Frankness

  • Agreeableness

    • Empathy
    • Trust
    • Straightforwardness
    • Modesty

  • Conscientiousness

    • Self-Discipline
    • Dutifulness
    • Deliberation
    • Achievement Striving
    • Order

  • Neuroticism

    • Anxiety
    • Depression
    • Anger Proneness
    • Somatic Complaints
    • Envy

  • Openness

    • Intellectance
    • Novel Experience Seeking
    • Nontraditionalism

• HP5i
  Items: 20.
  List of items: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222249215.

• Mini-IPIP6
  List of items: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289588930.

4.1.3 List of Big Five markers

• Goldberg 100 unipolar markers (UNI-100-GOL1992)
  Items: 100.
  Introduced in: Goldberg (1992) The Development of Markers for the Big-Five Factor Structure http://pdf.xuebalib.com:1262/2pp7LO9f6jWq.pdf.
  List of items: in introductory paper.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/umen.html.

  This is the de-facto anchor for the Big Five model.

• Transparent Bipolar Inventory (TBI-GOL1992)
  Items: 45.
  Introduced in: Goldberg (1992) The Development of Markers for the Big-Five Factor Structure http://pdf.xuebalib.com:1262/2pp7LO9f6jWq.pdf.
  List of items: in introductory paper.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/tbien.html.

  This is a list of opposite adjectives, e.g.: “timid” vs “bold”. The subject has to select which one applies better, in a scale with several divisions.

• Saucier Mini-Markers (40MM-SAU1994)
  Items: 40.
  Introduced in: Saucier (1994) Mini-Markers: A Brief Version of Goldberg’s Unipolar Big-Five Markers https://sci-hub.se/10.1207/S15327752JPA6303_8.
  List of items: in introductory paper.

  Abbreviated version of Goldberg 100 unipolar markers.

• Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)
  Items: 10.
  Introduced in: Gosling (2003) A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains http://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf.
  List of items: in introductory paper.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/tipien.html.

4.2 Five Factor Model (FFM)

The five factor model is a variant of the Big Five. It originated from the NEO-PI questionnaire. Each of 5 level-1 groups is called a domain. Each factor of the FFM includes 6 facets, for a total of 30 facets for the whole model.

• We differentiate between the Big Five and the FFM.
  Laypeole and some researchers conflate the FFM with the Big Five, more often without realizing they are different models, but sometimes on purpose, since they are very close.

• The FFM is strongly tied to the proprietary NEO questionnaires.
  However, there are free alternatives, most of them based on the IPIP.

• The FFM has a dogmatic approach.
  Whereas Big Five has many questionnaires which differ in which traits they evaluate, the FFM is fixed to 6 facets per domain. The facets are a matter of convention, not empiricism.

4.2.1 Five Factor Model domains and facets

• Neuroticism (N)

  • Anxiety (N1)
  • Angry Hostility (N2)
  • Depression (N3)
  • Self-Consciousness (N4)
  • Impulsiveness (N5)
  • Vulnerability (N6)

• Extraversion (E)

  • Warmth (E1)
  • Gregariousness (E2)
  • Activity (E3)
  • Assertiveness (E4)
  • Excitement Seeking (E5)
  • Positive Emotions (E6)

• Openness to Experience (O)

  • Fantasy (O1)
  • Aesthetics (O2)
  • Feelings (O3)
  • Actions (O4)
  • Ideas (O5)
  • Values (O6)

• Agreeableness (A)

  • Trust (A1)
  • Straightforwardness (A2)
  • Altruism (A3)
  • Compliance (A4)
  • Modesty (A5)
  • Tender-Mindednes (A6)

• Conscientiosness (C)

  • Competence (C1)
  • Order (C2)
  • Dutifulness (C3)
  • Achievement Striving (C4)
  • Self-Discipline (C5)
  • Deliberationd (C6)

4.2.2 Five Factor Model papers

• https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236893.

4.2.3 List of Five Factor Model questionnaires

• IPIP-NEO-300
  Items: 300.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/newNEOFacetsKey.htm.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/ipipneo300en.html.

  This is the first free questionnaire for the Five Factor Model.

• IPIP-FFM
  Items: 50.
  List of items: https://ipip.ori.org/newNEODomainsKey.htm.

• IPIP-NEO-120, a.k.a. IPIP-J (Johnson (2014))
  Items: 120
  List of items: http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/5/j5j/papers/JRP2014.pdf.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/bigfive/ipipneo120en.html.

  Subset of IPIP-NEO-300 developed using classical methods.

• IPIP-120 (Maples-Keller (2014))
  Items: 120

  Subset of IPIP-NEO-300 developed using IRT (Item Response theory). Can be considered a slighty better alternative to IPIP-NEO-120.

• IPIP-NEO-60
  Items: 60
  Introduced in: Maples-Keller (2017) Using Item Response Theory to Develop a 60-Item Representation of the NEO PI–R Using the International Personality Item Pool: Development of the IPIP–NEO–60 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320745867.
  List of items: In introductory paper.

  Subset of IPIP-NEO-300 developed using IRT.

• IPIP-BFM-20

• Short Five (S5)
  Items: 5.
  List of items: https://sci-hub.se/10.1002%2Fper.813.

• OCEANIC
  https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assessing-the-Big-Five-Development-and-Validation-Schulze-Roberts/5bbe89f31272c47d584deba9001d1044a28e9cb5

• Other IPIP questionnaires

• NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

• NEO-FFI

• NEO Personality Inventory, Revised (NEO-PI-R)

• Five Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF)
  Adjectives only.

• NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO-PI-3)
  Items: 240.

  Latest version of the NEO personality inventory.

• NEO-FFM-3
  Items: 60.

  Shortened version of NEO-PI-3 that only provides a score for each domain.

4.3 HEXACO

Official web site: http://hexaco.org/. Online questionnaires and the full list of items for HEXACO-PI-R-60 and HEXACO-PI-R-100 in several languages including English are available in this page.

Factors:

• Honesty–Humilty

  • Sincerity
  • Fairness
  • Greed-Avoidance
  • Modesty

• Emotionality

  • Fearfulness
  • Anxiety
  • Dependence
  • Sentimentality

• Extraversion (X in HEXACO)

  • Social Self-Esteem
  • Social Boldness
  • Sociability
  • Liveliness

• Agreeableness (vs Anger)

  • Forgiveness
  • Gentleness
  • Flexibility
  • Patience

• Conscientiousness

  • Organization
  • Diligence
  • Perfectionism
  • Prudence

• Openness

  • Aesthetic Appreciation
  • Inquisitiveness
  • Creativity
  • Unconventionality

• Altruism (not a factor)

4.3.1 Differences with Big Five

• Counterpart of agreeableness in Big Five
  Big Five has a domain for Agreeableness (vs Antagonism), which bears that name. In HEXACO the same content is spread among:

  • Honesty–Humilty
  • Emotionality
  • Agreeableness (vs Anger)
  • In HEXACO-PI-R, also the Altruism interstitial scale.

  ---

  Having Agreeableness vs Antagonism organized in a single domain is an advantage for Big Five when studying Agreeableness itself. If one wants a scale of how cooperative vs hostile a person is, HEXACO has no clear counterpart. Honesty–Humilty (vs manipulativeness and greediness) has erroneously been claimed to be a counterpart. However it is limited to a small part of interpersonal hostility.

• “Rotation” of Emotionality and Agreeableness (vs Anger)
  

  • Empathy is included in E_HEXACO instead of A_{Big Five}.
  • Reactive anger is included in A_HEXACO instead of N_{Big Five}.

  ---

  In the literature, this is referred to a “rotation”. It corresponds to drawing an Euler diagram with E_HEXACO, A_HEXACO, N_{Big Five}, A_{Big Five}. It does not refer to a rotation in the sense of principal component analysis.

• More centralized development
  The HEXACO model and its canonical questionnaires are developed mostly by Ashton and Lee. The Big Five model was initially developed by a loosely-defined group of researchers who discovered and formulated it independently.

  ---

  There are many questionnaires for Big Five developed by disconnected groups of authors of which none is canonical. The canonical questionnaire for HEXACO is HEXACO-PI-R-100, published by Ashton and Lee.

  When Ashton and Lee both die the situation may become like the current situation with Big Five.

• Claims to capture personality in many languages
  Ashton and Lee claim that HEXACO captures the structure of personality by the lexical approach in many languages whereas Big Five is based on the lexical approach in English, although it reflects to varying degrees the lexical approach in other languages.

• Claims to capture an additional part of personality in Honesty–Humilty
  The opposite claim is that Big Five captures said elements under Agreeableness. In reality, it depends on which questionnaire is used to evaluate Big Five. In principle, one could write a questionnaire specialized in Big Five’s Agreeableness with multiple facets that completely subsumes HEXACO’s Honesty–Humilty, Agreeableness and Altruism.

Papers:

• Gaughan (2012) Examining the utility of general models of personality in the study of psychopathy: A comparison of the HEXACO-PI-R and NEO PI-R
• Ashton (2014) The HEXACO honesty-humility, agreeableness, and emotionality factors: A review of research and theory https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/1088868314523838.
• Thielmann (2021) On the comparability of basic personality models: Meta-analytic correspondence, scope, and orthogonality of the Big Five and HEXACO dimensions https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/08902070211026793.
• Thielmann (2020) On the distinction between Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness in the HEXACO model
• Anglim (2019) Measurement and research using the Big Five, HEXACO, and narrow traits: A primer for researchers and practitioners
• Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models https://findresearcher.sdu.dk:8443/ws/files/146388500/Using_the_Big_Five_Aspect_Scales_to_translate_between_the_HEXACO_and_Big_Five_personality_models.pdf.
• The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality Factors: A Review of Research and Theory
• Brocklebank (2015) A spectral clustering approach to the structure of personality: Contrasting the FFM and HEXACO models http://differentialclub.wdfiles.com/local--files/personality-structure/Brocklebank%202015%20hexaco.pdf.
• Whole journal issue https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/per.2284.
• Ashton (2019) Where’s the H? Relations between BFI-2 and HEXACO-60 scales https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.013.

4.3.2 List of HEXACO questionnaires

• HEXACO-PI-R-100
  Items: 100.
  List of items: http://www.hexaco.org/hexaco-inventory.

  The canonical questionnaire for HEXACO by the authors of the model.

• HEXACO-PI-R-60 Items: 60.
  List of items: http://www.hexaco.org/hexaco-inventory.

  Abbreviated version of HEXACO-PI-R-100. Omits the Altruism subscale.

• HEX-ACO-18 (HEX-ACO-18-OLJ2021)
  Items: 18.
  List of items: Olaru (2021) The HEX-ACO-18: Developing an Age-Invariant HEXACO Short Scale Using Ant Colony Optimization https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00223891.2021.1934480
  

  Abbreviated version of HEXACO-PI-R-100 that evaluates only the 6 domains.

• IPIP-HEXACO
  Ashton (2017) The IPIP–HEXACO scales: An alternative, public-domain measure of the personality constructs in the HEXACO model.

• Brief HEXACO Inventory
  List of items: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257430902.

4.4 Zuckerman-Kuhlman (ZK)

Also called “alternative five”. Attempts to capture biologically basic personality traits.

ZK is the result of making a personality model according to these principles:

1. Should be reliably identified across different methods, genders, ages, and cultures.
2. Should show moderate heritability.
3. Should be identified in non-human species, especially species that are socially organized.
4. Each dimension has significant biological markers.

Factors

Names, abbreviations and order are from the ZKPQ.

• Activity (ACT)
• Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Host)
• Impulsive Sensation Seeking (ImpSS)
• Neuroticism-Anxiety (N-Anx)
• Sociability (Sy)

4.4.1 List of Zuckerman-Kuhlman model questionnaires

• Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire (ZKPQ)
  Items: 89.
  List of items: http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CD659E7EDD40F59F2662E50551AD852E, p. 62.

• Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire abbreviated (ZKPQ-CC-50)
  Items: 50.
  Take online: https://psytests.org/personal/zkpqccen.html.

• Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA–PQ)
  Items: 200.
  List of Items: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45641397.

  Factors and facets.

  • Aggresiveness (AG)

    • Physical aggression (AG1)
    • Verbal aggression (AG2)
    • Anger (AG3)
    • Hostility (AG4)

  • Activity (AC)

    • Work compulsion (AC1)
    • General activity (AC2)
    • Restlessness (AC3)
    • Work energy (AC4)

  • Extraversion (EX)

    • Positive emotions (EX1)
    • Social warmth (EX2)
    • Exhibitionism (EX3)
    • Sociability (EX4)

  • Neuroticism (NE)

    • Anxiety (NE1)
    • Depression (NE2)
    • Dependency (NE3)
    • Low self-esteem (NE4)

  • Impulsive sensation seeking (SS)

    • Thrill and adventory seeking (SS1)
    • Experience seeking (SS2)
    • Disinhibition (SS3)
    • Boredom succeptibility/Impulsivity (SS4)

4.5 SAPA Personality Inventory (SPI)

Web site: https://www.sapa-project.org/research/SPI/.
Introduced in: Codon (2017) The SAPA Personality Inventory: An empirically-derived, hierarchically-organized self-report personality assessment model https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sc4p9.

The SPI is a 27-factor personality model developed from analyzing a very large data set including many questionnaires.

See https://www.sapa-project.org/research/SPI/ for the questionnaires for SPI developed along the SPI model itself, with full items. Questionnaires range from 27 items to 135 items and several of them re-use provide an assessment in the Big Five in addition to SPI.

4.6 Eysenck Personality Model

A.k.a. PEN model (For “psychoticism”, “extraversion”, “neuroticism”).

• Extraversion

• Neuroticism

• Midarism.
  Originally referred to as “psychoticism”. This is an inaccurate and misleading name.

4.6.1 List of Eysenck model questionnaires

• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised
  List of items: https://www.pbarrett.net/publications/EPQR_1985_paper.pdf#page=7

4.7 BIS/BAS Personality Model

4.8 Other personality models

• Big Six (a.k.a. Saucier Personality Model)
  Lexically-derived.

  • Questionnaire Big Six (36QB6)
    List of items: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264162275.

    This has several variants depending on length. 36 item variant listed here.

• Six-Factor Personality Questionnaire (6FPQ) Jackson & Paunonen

• Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised

• Cloninger Personality Model, 7 factors

  • Temperament and Character Inventory

• Hogan Personality Inventory

• The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales

• Eysenck Personality Model

• Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory

• Five-dimensional personality test (5DPT)

• Carver and White

• Need for Cognitive Structure
  Items: 20.
  List of items: The effect on mundane decision-making of the need and ability to achieve cognitive structury.

• Ability to Achieve Cognitive Structure
  Items: 24.
  List of items: The effect on mundane decision-making of the need and ability to achieve cognitive structury.

• Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire
  List of items: https://www.pbarrett.net/publications/Factor_analysis_of_Gray-Wilson_questionnaire_Wilson_et_al_1990.pdf.

• Cattell 16 Personality Factors (16PF)

• Supernumerary Personality Inventory

5 Other questionnaires related to personality

• Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire

• Liverpol stoicism scale

• Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-MPK2002)
  List of items: https://sci-hub.se/10.1348/014466602165108

• Need for Closure Scale (NFCS)
  Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/individual_differences_in_need_for_cognitive_closure.pdf.
  What the need for closure scale measures and what it does not: Toward differentiating among related epistemic motives

6 Full items of selected questionnaires

6.1 Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2-DSG2022)

We include the Honesty-Humility subscale as listed in Denissen (2022) Incorporating prosocial vs. antisocial trait content in Big Five measurement: Lessons from the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104147. Numbered 61-64 in the order they appear in running text. Item recommended for both BFI-2-XS and BFI-2-S first, then item recommended for the BFI-2-S only, then the 2 remaining items.

Short forms

We reordered the items so that the abbreviated forms can be obtained by truncating the list of items within each facet.

• BFI-2-XS: Use the first 1 item within each facet.
• BFI-2-S: Use the first 2 items within each facet.
• BFI-2 (full): Use all items.

To obtain the BFI-2 without the Honesty-Humility additions, simply remove the corresponding 4 items of that subscale.

Responses

• Disagree strongly: 1
• Disagree a little: 2
• Neutral; no opinion: 3
• Agree a little: 4
• Agree strongly: 5

Prompt: I see myself as somebody who…

Extraversion (12 items)

• Sociability (4 items)

  • 16 (R) Tends to be quiet.
  • 1 Is outgoing, sociable.
  • 31 (R) Is sometimes shy, introverted.
  • 46 Is talkative.

• Assertiveness (4 items)

  • 21 Is dominant, acts as a leader.
  • 51 (R) Prefers to have others take charge.
  • 6 Has an assertive personality.
  • 36 (R) Finds it hard to influence people.

• Energy Level (4 items)

  • 41 Is full of energy.
  • 26 (R) Is less active than other people.
  • 11 (R) Rarely feels excited or eager.
  • 56 Shows a lot of enthusiasm.

Agreeableness (16 items)

• Compassion (4 items)

  • 2 Is compassionate, has a soft heart.
  • 47 (R) Can be cold and uncaring.
  • 17 (R) Feels little sympathy for others.
  • 32 Is helpful and unselfish with others.

• Respectfulness (4 items)

  • 37 (R) Is sometimes rude to others.
  • 7 Is respectful, treats others with respect.
  • 22 (R) Starts arguments with others.
  • 52 Is polite, courteous to others.

• Trust (4 items)

  • 57 Assumes the best about people.
  • 12 (R) Tends to find fault with others.
  • 27 Has a forgiving nature.
  • 42 (R) Is suspicious of others’ intentions.

• Honesty–Humilty (4 items)

  • 61 (R) Is cunning, tricks people.
  • 64 Is sincere, genuine.
  • 62 (R) Is arrogant, has a big ego.
  • 63 Is humble, doesn’t think they’re better than others.

Conscientiousness (12 items)

• Organization (4 items)

  • 3 (R) Tends to be disorganized.
  • 33 Keeps things neat and tidy.
  • 18 Is systematic, likes to keep things in order.
  • 48 (R) Leaves a mess, doesn’t clean up.

• Productiveness (4 items)

  • 23 (R) Has difficulty getting started on tasks.
  • 53 Is persistent, works until the task is finished.
  • 8 (R) Tends to be lazy.
  • 38 Is efficient, gets things done.

• Responsibility (4 items)

  • 43 Is reliable, can always be counted on.
  • 28 (R) Can be somewhat careless.
  • 13 Is dependable, steady.
  • 58 (R) Sometimes behaves irresponsibly.

Negative Emotionality (12 items)

• Anxiety (4 items)

  • 34 Worries a lot.
  • 4 (R) Is relaxed, handles stress well.
  • 19 Can be tense.
  • 49 (R) Rarely feels anxious or afraid.

• Depression (4 items)

  • 54 Tends to feel depressed, blue.
  • 24 (R) Feels secure, comfortable with self.
  • 9 (R) Stays optimistic after experiencing a setback.
  • 39 Often feels sad.

• Emotional Volatility (4 items)

  • 29 (R) Is emotionally stable, not easily upset.
  • 59 Is temperamental, gets emotional easily.
  • 14 Is moody, has up and down mood swings.
  • 44 (R) Keeps their emotions under control.

Open-Mindedness (12 items)

• Intellectual Curiosity (4 items)

  • 55 (R) Has little interest in abstract ideas.
  • 40 Is complex, a deep thinker.
  • 10 Is curious about many different things.
  • 25 (R) Avoids intellectual, philosophical discussions.

• Aesthetic Sensitivity (4 items)

  • 20 Is fascinated by art, music, or literature.
  • 5 (R) Has few artistic interests.
  • 35 Values art and beauty.
  • 50 (R) Thinks poetry and plays are boring.

• Creative Imagination (4 items)

  • 60 Is original, comes up with new ideas.
  • 30 (R) Has little creativity.
  • 15 Is inventive, finds clever ways to do things.
  • 45 (R) Has difficulty imagining things.

6.2 Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (BFPTSQ-MOR2014)

Responses

• 0: Totally disagree
• 1: Disagree a little
• 2: Neutral
• 3: Agree a little
• 4: Totally agree

Openness (10 items)

• 1 (+) Is original, often has new ideas.
• 6 (+) Is curious about many different things.
• 11 (+) Is ingenious, reflects a lot.
• 16 (+) Has a lot of imagination.
• 21 (+) Is inventive, creative.
• 26 (+) Likes artistic or aesthetic experiences.
• 31 (−) Is not really interested in different cultures, their customs and values.
• 36 (+) Likes to reflect, tries to understand complex things.
• 41 (−) Has few artistic interests.
• 46 (+) Is sophisticated when it comes to art, music or literature.

Extraversion (10 items)

• 2 (+) Likes to talk, expresses his/her opinion.
• 7 (−) Is reserved or shy, has difficulty approaching others.
• 12 (+) Is full of energy, likes to always be active.
• 17 (+) Is a leader, capable of convincing others.
• 22 (−) Is rather quiet, does not talk a lot.
• 27 (+) Shows self-confidence, is able to assert himself/herself.
• 32 (−) Is timid, shy.
• 37 (+) Is extraverted, sociable.
• 42 (+) Likes exciting activities, which provide thrills.
• 47 (+) Has a tendency to laugh and have fun easily

Agreeableness (10 items)

• 3 (−) Has a tendency to criticize others.
• 8 (+) Is helpful and generous with others.
• 13 (−) Provokes quarrels or arguments with others.
• 18 (+) Is lenient, forgives easily.
• 23 (+) Generally trusts others.
• 28 (−) Can be distant and cold towards others.
• 33 (+) Is considerate and kind to almost everyone.
• 38 (−) Can sometimes be rude or mean towards others.
• 43 (+) Likes to cooperate with others.
• 48 (−) Can deceive and manipulate people to get what he/she want.

Conscientiousness (10 items)

• 4 (+) Works conscientiously, does the things he/she has to do well.
• 9 (−) Can be a little careless and negligent.
• 14 (+) Is a reliable student/worker, who can be counted on.
• 19 (−) Has a tendency to be disorganized, messy.
• 24 (−) Has a tendency to be lazy.
• 29 (+) Perseveres until the task at hand is completed.
• 34 (+) Does things efficiently, works well and quickly.
• 39 (+) Plans things that need to be done and follows through the plans.
• 44 (−) Is easily distracted, has difficulty remaining attentive.
• 49 (−) Can do things impulsively without thinking about the consequences.

Emotional Stability (10 items)

• 5 (−) Has a tendency to be easily depressed, sad.
• 10 (+) Is generally relaxed, handles stress well.
• 15 (−) Can be tense, stressed out.
• 20 (−) Worries a lot about many things.
• 25 (+) Is emotionally stable, not easily upset.
• 30 (−) Can be moody.
• 35 (+) Stays calm in tense or stressful situations.
• 40 (−) Can easily become nervous.
• 45 (−) Has a tendency to feel inferior to others.
• 50 (−) Has a tendency to be easily irritated.

6.3 Goldberg 100 unipolar markers (UNI-100-GOL1992)

Source: Goldberg (1992) The Development of Markers for the Big-Five Factor Structure http://pdf.xuebalib.com:1262/2pp7LO9f6jWq.pdf.

We renamed each subscale to its standard name with the original one in parenthesis. We inverted the items in the Negative Emotionality subscale since in the source it appears as Emotional stability, which is inverse.

Extraversion (originally “Surgency”):

• Extraverted
• Talkative
• Assertive
• Verbal
• Energetic
• Bold
• Active
• Daring
• Vigorous
• Unrestrained
• Introverted (R)
• Shy (R)
• Quiet (R)
• Reserved (R)
• Untalkative (R)
• Inhibited (R)
• Withdrawn (R)
• Timid (R)
• Bashful (R)
• Unadventurous (R)

Agreeableness:

• Kind
• Cooperative
• Sympathetic
• Warm
• Trustful
• Considerate
• Pleasant
• Agreeable
• Helpful
• Generous
• Cold (R)
• Unkind (R)
• Unsympathetic (R)
• Distrustful (R)
• Harsh (R)
• Demanding (R)
• Rude (R)
• Selfish (R)
• Uncooperative (R)
• Uncharitable (R)

Conscientiousness:

• Organized
• Systematic
• Thorough
• Practical
• Neat
• Efficient
• Careful
• Steady
• Conscientious
• Prompt
• Disorganized (R)
• Careless (R)
• Unsystematic (R)
• Inefficient (R)
• Undefendable (R)
• Impractical (R)
• Negligent (R)
• Inconsistent (R)
• Haphazard (R)
• Sloppy (R)

Negative Emotionality (originally “Emotional Stability”, R):

• Anxious
• Moody
• Temperamental
• Envious
• Emotional
• Irritable
• Fretful
• Jealous
• Touchy
• Nervous
• Insecure
• Fearful
• Self-pitying
• High-strung
• Unenvious (R)
• Unemotional (R)
• Relaxed (R)
• Imperturbable (R)
• Unexcitable (R)
• Undemanding (R)

Open-mindedness (originally “Intellect”):

• Intellectual
• Creative
• Complex
• Imaginative
• Bright
• Philosophical
• Artistic
• Deep
• Innovative
• Introspective
• Unintellectual (R)
• Unintelligent (R)
• Unimaginative (R)
• Uncreative (R)
• Simple (R)
• Unsophisticated (R)
• Unreflective (R)
• Imperceptive (R)
• Uninquisitive (R)
• Shallow (R)

6.4 HEX-ACO-18-OLJ2021

Responses.

• Strongly disagree: 1
• Disagree: 2
• Neutral: 3
• Agree: 4
• Strongly agree: 5

Items

Item numbers are those from HEXACO-PI-R-100.

Honesty–Humilty (H)

• 66 (R) I would like to be seen driving around in a very expensive car.
• 78 (R) I wouldn’t pretend to like someone just to get that person to do favors for me.
• 96 (R) I want people to know that I am an important person of high status.

Emotionality (E)

• 11 I sometimes can’t help worrying about little things.
• 17 When I suffer from a painful experience, I need someone to make me feel comfortable.
• 77 (R) Even in an emergency I wouldn’t feel like panicking.

Extraversion (X)

• 10 (R) I rarely express my opinions in group meetings.
• 52 (R) I feel that I am an unpopular person.
• 94 (R) Most people are more upbeat and dynamic than I generally am.

Agreeableness (A)

• 3 I rarely hold a grudge, even against people who have badly wronged me.
• 33 I generally accept people’s faults without complaining about them.
• 93 (R) I find it hard to keep my temper when people insult me.

Conscientiousness (C)

• 44 (R) I make a lot of mistakes because I don’t think before I act.
• 56 (R) Often when I set a goal, I end up quitting without having reached it.
• 74 (R) When working, I sometimes have difficulties due to being disorganized.

Openness (O)

• 19 (R) I think that paying attention to radical ideas is a waste of time.
• 37 I would enjoy creating a work of art, such as a novel, a song, or a painting.
• 49 If I had the opportunity, I would like to attend a classical music concert.

6.5 HEXACO-PI-R-100

6.5.1 Items

Honesty–Humilty (H)

• Sincerity

  • 6 (R) If I want something from a person I dislike, I will act very nicely toward that person in order to get it.
  • 30 I wouldn’t use flattery to get a raise or promotion at work, even if I thought it would succeed.
  • 54 (R) If I want something from someone, I will laugh at that person’s worst jokes.
  • 78 I wouldn’t pretend to like someone just to get that person to do favors for me.

• Fairness

  • 12 (R) If I knew that I could never get caught, I would be willing to steal a million dollars.
  • 36 (R) I would be tempted to buy stolen property if I were financially tight.
  • 60 I would never accept a bribe, even if it were very large.
  • 84 (R) I’d be tempted to use counterfeit money, if I were sure I could get away with it.

• Greed-Avoidance

  • 18 Having a lot of money is not especially important to me.
  • 42 (R) I would like to live in a very expensive, high-class neighborhood.
  • 66 (R) I would like to be seen driving around in a very expensive car.
  • 90 (R) I would get a lot of pleasure from owning expensive luxury goods.

• Modesty

  • 24 I am an ordinary person who is no better than others.
  • 48 I wouldn’t want people to treat me as though I were superior to them.
  • 72 (R) I think that I am entitled to more respect than the average person is.
  • 96 (R) I want people to know that I am an important person of high status.

Emotionality (E)

• Fearfulness

  • 5 I would feel afraid if I had to travel in bad weather conditions.
  • 29 (R) I don’t mind doing jobs that involve dangerous work.
  • 53 When it comes to physical danger, I am very fearful.
  • 77 (R) Even in an emergency I wouldn’t feel like panicking.

• Anxiety

  • 11 I sometimes can’t help worrying about little things.
  • 35 (R) I worry a lot less than most people do.
  • 59 (R) I rarely, if ever, have trouble sleeping due to stress or anxiety.
  • 83 I get very anxious when waiting to hear about an important decision.

• Dependence

  • 17 When I suffer from a painful experience, I need someone to make me feel comfortable.
  • 41 (R) I can handle difficult situations without needing emotional support from anyone else.
  • 65 Whenever I feel worried about something, I want to share my concern with another person.
  • 89 (R) I rarely discuss my problems with other people.

• Sentimentality

  • 23 I feel like crying when I see other people crying.
  • 47 When someone I know well is unhappy, I can almost feel that person’s pain myself.
  • 71 I feel strong emotions when someone close to me is going away for a long time.
  • 95 (R) I remain unemotional even in situations where most people get very sentimental.

Extraversion (X)

• Social Self-Esteem

  • 4 I feel reasonably satisfied with myself overall.
  • 28 I think that most people like some aspects of my personality.
  • 52 (R) I feel that I am an unpopular person.
  • 76 (R) I sometimes feel that I am a worthless person.

• Social Boldness

  • 10 (R) I rarely express my opinions in group meetings.
  • 34 In social situations, I’m usually the one who makes the first move.
  • 58 When I’m in a group of people, I’m often the one who speaks on behalf of the group.
  • 82 (R) I tend to feel quite self-conscious when speaking in front of a group of people.

• Sociability

  • 16 (R) I avoid making “small talk” with people.
  • 40 I enjoy having lots of people around to talk with.
  • 64 I prefer jobs that involve active social interaction to those that involve working alone.
  • 88 The first thing that I always do in a new place is to make friends.

• Liveliness

  • 22 I am energetic nearly all the time.
  • 46 On most days, I feel cheerful and optimistic.
  • 70 (R) People often tell me that I should try to cheer up.
  • 94 (R) Most people are more upbeat and dynamic than I generally am.

Agreeableness (A)

• Forgiveness

  • 3 I rarely hold a grudge, even against people who have badly wronged me.
  • 27 My attitude toward people who have treated me badly is “forgive and forget”.
  • 51 (R) If someone has cheated me once, I will always feel suspicious of that person.
  • 75 (R) I find it hard to fully forgive someone who has done something mean to me.

• Gentleness

  • 9 (R) People sometimes tell me that I am too critical of others.
  • 33 I generally accept people’s faults without complaining about them.
  • 57 I tend to be lenient in judging other people.
  • 81 Even when people make a lot of mistakes, I rarely say anything negative.

• Flexibility

  • 15 (R) People sometimes tell me that I’m too stubborn.
  • 39 I am usually quite flexible in my opinions when people disagree with me.
  • 63 (R) When people tell me that I’m wrong, my first reaction is to argue with them.
  • 87 (R) I find it hard to compromise with people when I really think I’m right.

• Patience

  • 21 (R) People think of me as someone who has a quick temper.
  • 45 I rarely feel anger, even when people treat me quite badly.
  • 69 Most people tend to get angry more quickly than I do.
  • 93 (R) I find it hard to keep my temper when people insult me.

Conscientiousness (C)

• Organization

  • 2 I clean my office or home quite frequently.
  • 26 I plan ahead and organize things, to avoid scrambling at the last minute.
  • 50 (R) People often joke with me about the messiness of my room or desk.
  • 74 (R) When working, I sometimes have difficulties due to being disorganized.

• Diligence

  • 8 When working, I often set ambitious goals for myself.
  • 32 I often push myself very hard when trying to achieve a goal.
  • 56 (R) Often when I set a goal, I end up quitting without having reached it.
  • 80 (R) I do only the minimum amount of work needed to get by.

• Perfectionism

  • 14 I often check my work over repeatedly to find any mistakes.
  • 38 (R) When working on something, I don’t pay much attention to small details.
  • 62 I always try to be accurate in my work, even at the expense of time.
  • 86 People often call me a perfectionist.

• Prudence

  • 20 (R) I make decisions based on the feeling of the moment rather than on careful thought.
  • 44 (R) I make a lot of mistakes because I don’t think before I act.
  • 68 I don’t allow my impulses to govern my behavior.
  • 92 (R) I prefer to do whatever comes to mind, rather than stick to a plan.

Openness (O)

• Aesthetic Appreciation

  • 1 (R) I would be quite bored by a visit to an art gallery.
  • 25 (R) I wouldn’t spend my time reading a book of poetry.
  • 49 If I had the opportunity, I would like to attend a classical music concert.
  • 73 Sometimes I like to just watch the wind as it blows through the trees.

• Inquisitiveness

  • 7 I’m interested in learning about the history and politics of other countries.
  • 31 I enjoy looking at maps of different places.
  • 55 (R) I would be very bored by a book about the history of science and technology.
  • 79 (R) I’ve never really enjoyed looking through an encyclopedia.

• Creativity

  • 13 (R) I would like a job that requires following a routine rather than being creative.
  • 37 I would enjoy creating a work of art, such as a novel, a song, or a painting.
  • 61 People have often told me that I have a good imagination.
  • 85 (R) I don’t think of myself as the artistic or creative type.

• Unconventionality

  • 19 (R) I think that paying attention to radical ideas is a waste of time.
  • 43 I like people who have unconventional views.
  • 67 I think of myself as a somewhat eccentric person.
  • 91 (R) I find it boring to discuss philosophy.

• Altruism
  • 97 I have sympathy for people who are less fortunate than I am.
  • 98 I try to give generously to those in need.
  • 99 (R) It wouldn’t bother me to harm someone I didn’t like.
  • 100 (R) People see me as a hard-hearted person.

6.6 IPIP Big Five Factor Markers—100 items (IPIP-BFFM-100-GOL2001)

Source: https://ipip.ori.org/newBigFive5broadKey.htm, https://ipip.ori.org/new_ipip-50-item-scale.htm.

There is a 100 item version and a 50 item version. The order is the same as the original except that within each factor all items that appear in the 10-item version have been rearranged to go first.

• IPIP-BFFM-100-GOL2001: Use all items.
• IPIP-BFFM-50-GOL2001: Use only the 10 first items within each subscale. Those are the ones before the horizontal line.

Extraversion:

1. Am the life of the party.
2. Feel comfortable around people.
3. Start conversations.
4. Talk to a lot of different people at parties.
5. Don’t mind being the center of attention.
6. Don’t talk a lot. (R)
7. Keep in the background. (R)
8. Have little to say. (R)
9. Don’t like to draw attention to myself. (R)
10. Am quiet around strangers. (R)

11. Make friends easily.
12. Take charge.
13. Know how to captivate people.
14. Feel at ease with people.
15. Am skilled in handling social situations.
16. Find it difficult to approach others. (R)
17. Often feel uncomfortable around others. (R)
18. Bottle up my feelings. (R)
19. Am a very private person. (R)
20. Wait for others to lead the way. (R)

Agreeableness:

21. Am interested in people.
22. Sympathize with others’ feelings.
23. Have a soft heart.
24. Take time out for others.
25. Feel others’ emotions.
26. Make people feel at ease.
27. Am not really interested in others. (R)
28. Insult people. (R)
29. Am not interested in other people’s problems. (R)
30. Feel little concern for others. (R)

31. Inquire about others’ well-being.
32. Know how to comfort others.
33. Love children.
34. Am on good terms with nearly everyone.
35. Have a good word for everyone.
36. Show my gratitude.
37. Think of others first.
38. Love to help others.
39. Am hard to get to know.
40. Am indifferent to the feelings of others. (R)

Conscientiousness:

41. Am always prepared.
42. Pay attention to details.
43. Get chores done right away.
44. Like order.
45. Follow a schedule.
46. Am exacting in my work.
47. Leave my belongings around. (R)
48. Make a mess of things. (R)
49. Often forget to put things back in their proper place. (R)
50. Shirk my duties. (R)

51. Do things according to a plan.
52. Continue until everything is perfect.
53. Make plans and stick to them.
54. Love order and regularity.
55. Like to tidy up.
56. Neglect my duties. (R)
57. Waste my time. (R)
58. Do things in a half-way manner. (R)
59. Find it difficult to get down to work. (R)
60. Leave a mess in my room. (R)

Negative Emotionality:

61. Am relaxed most of the time. (R)
62. Seldom feel blue. (R)
63. Get stressed out easily.
64. Worry about things.
65. Am easily disturbed.
66. Get upset easily.
67. Change my mood a lot.
68. Have frequent mood swings.
69. Get irritated easily.
70. Often feel blue.

71. Am not easily bothered by things. (R)
72. Rarely get irritated. (R)
73. Seldom get mad. (R)
74. Get angry easily.
75. Panic easily.
76. Feel threatened easily.
77. Get overwhelmed by emotions.
78. Take offense easily.
79. Get caught up in my problems.
80. Grumble about things.

Intellect:

81. Have a rich vocabulary.
82. Have a vivid imagination.
83. Have excellent ideas.
84. Am quick to understand things.
85. Use difficult words.
86. Spend time reflecting on things.
87. Am full of ideas.
88. Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. (R)
89. Am not interested in abstract ideas. (R)
90. Do not have a good imagination. (R)

91. Carry the conversation to a higher level.
92. Catch on to things quickly.
93. Can handle a lot of information.
94. Love to think up new ways of doing things.
95. Love to read challenging material.
96. Am good at many things.
97. Try to avoid complex people. (R)
98. Have difficulty imagining things. (R)
99. Avoid difficult reading material. (R)
100. Will not probe deeply into a subject. (R)

6.7 Need for Closure Scale (NFCS)

Items from: https://sci-hub.se/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1396, https://sci-hub.se/10.1177/0146167206294744.

Preference for order

• 1 I think that having clear rules and order at work is essential for success.
• 6 I find that a well-ordered life with regular hours suits my temperament.
• 10 I hate to change my plans at the last minute.
• 20 (R) My personal space is usually messy and disorganized.
• 23 I believe that orderliness and organization are among the most important characteristics of a good student.
• 27 (R) I think that I would learn best in a class that lacks clearly stated objectives and requirements.
• 32 I find that establishing a consistent routine enables me to enjoy life more.
• 33 I enjoy having a clear and structured mode of life.
• 35 I like to have a place for everything and everything in its place.
• 42 (R) I dislike the routine aspects of my work (studies).

Preference for predictability

• 5 (R) I like to have friends who are unpredictable.
• 7 When dining out, I like to go to places where I have been before so that I know what to expect.
• 11 I don’t like to go into a situation without knowing what I can expect from it.
• 18 (R) I think it is fun to change my plans at the last minute.
• 19 (R) I enjoy the uncertainty of going into a new situation without knowing what might happen.
• 25 I don’t like to be with people who are capable of unexpected actions.
• 26 I prefer to socialize with familiar friends because I know what to expect from them.
• 41 I dislike unpredictable situations.

Decisiveness

• 12 (R) When I go shopping, I have difficulty deciding exactly what it is that I want.
• 13 When faced with a problem I usually see the one best solution very quickly.
• 15 (R) I tend to put off making important decisions until the last possible moment.
• 16 I usually make important decisions quickly and confidently.
• 17 (R) I would describe myself as indecisive.
• 22 (R) I tend to struggle with most decisions.
• 37 (R) When trying to solve a problem I often see so many possible options that it’s confusing.

Discomfort with ambiguity

• 3 I don’t like situations that are uncertain.
• 8 I feel uncomfortable when I don’t understand why an event occurred in my life.
• 14 When I am confused about an important issue, I feel very upset.
• 21 In most social conflicts, I can easily see which side is right and which is wrong.
• 29 I like to know what people are thinking all the time.
• 30 I dislike it when a person’s statement could mean many different things.
• 31 It’s annoying to listen to someone who cannot seem to make up his or her mind.
• 36 1 feel uncomfortable when someone’s meaning or intention is unclear to me.
• 39 I’d rather know bad news than stay in a state of uncertainty.

Closed-mindedness

• 2 (R) Even after I’ve made up my mind about something, I am always eager to consider a different opinion.
• 4 I dislike questions which could be answered in many different ways.
• 9 I feel irritated when one person disagrees with what everyone else in a group believes.
• 24 (R) When considering most conflict situations, I can usually see how both sides could be right.
• 28 (R) When thinking about a problem, I consider as many different opinions on the issue as possible.
• 34 (R) I prefer interacting with people whose opinions are very different from my own.
• 38 (R) I always see so many possible solutions to problems I face.
• 40 I do not usually consult many different opinions before forming my own view.

Need for decisiveness

• 43 When I have made a decision, I feel relieved.
• 44 When I am confronted with a problem, I’m dying to reach a solution very quickly.
• 45 I would quickly become impatient and irritated if I would not find a solution to a problem immediately.
• 46 I would rather make a decision quickly than sleep over it.
• 47 Even if I get a lot of time to make a decision, I still feel compelled to decide quickly.
• 48 I almost always feel hurried to reach a decision, even when there is no reason to do so.

6.8 Transparent Bipolar Inventory (TBI-GOL1992)

Introversion–Extroversion

• Extraverted – introverted
• Energetic – unenergetic
• Talkative – silent
• Bold – timid
• Active – inactive
• Assertive – unassertive
• Adventuros – unadventurous

Pleasantness or Agreeableness

• Warm – cold
• Kind – unkind
• Cooperative – uncooperative
• Unselfish – selfish
• Agreeable – disagreeable
• Trustful – distrustful
• Generous – stingy

Conscientiousness or Dependability

• Organized – disorganized
• Responsible – irresponsible
• Conscientious – negligent
• Practical – impractical
• Thorouogh – careless
• Hardworking – lazy
• Thrifty – extravagant

Emotional Stability

• Calm – angry
• Relaxed – tense
• At ease – nervous
• Not envious – envious
• Stable – unstable
• Contented – discontentend
• Unemotional – emotional

Intellect or Sophistication

• Intelligent – unintelligent
• Analytical – unanalytical
• Reflecive – unreflective
• Curious – uninquisitive
• Imaginative – unimaginative
• Creative – uncreative
• Sophisticated – unsophisticated

6.9 Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ)

Activity (Act) – 17 items

• 5. T I do not like to waste time just sitting around and relaxing.
• 13. T I lead a busier life than most people.
• 18. T I like complicated jobs that require a lot of effort and concentration.
• 23. F I do not have a great deal of energy for life’s more demanding tasks.
• 28. T I like a challenging task much more than a routine one.
• 33. T I like to be doing things all of the time.
• 38. F I can enjoy myself just lying around and not doing anything active.
• 44. F I do not feel the need to be doing things all of the time.
• 49. F I would like a job that provided a maximum of leisure time.
• 54. T I usually seem to be in a hurry.
• 59. T When on vacation I like to engage in active sports rather than just lie around.
• 64. T I like to wear myself out with hard work or exercise.
• 74. T I like to be active as soon as I wake up in the morning.
• 83. T I like to keep busy all the time.
• 88. T I can enjoy routine activities that do not require much concentration or effort.
• 94. T When I do things, I do them with lots of energy.
• 99. T Other people often urge me to “take it easy.”

Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Host) – 17 items

• 3. T I enjoy seeing someone I don’t care for humiliated before other people.
• 8. T When I get mad, I say ugly things.
• 11. T It’s natural for me to curse when I am mad.
• 16. F I almost never litter the streets with wrappers.
• 21. F I almost never feel like I would like to punch or slap someone.
• 31. F If someone offends me, I just try not to think about it.
• 36. T In many stores you just cannot get served unless you push yourself in front of other people.
• 42. T If people annoy me I do not hesitate to tell them so.
• 47. T When I am angry with people I do not try to hide it from them.
• 57. F I generally do not use strong curse words even when I am angry.
• 62. F I can easily forgive people who have insulted me or hurt my feelings.
• 67. T When people disagree with me I cannot help getting into an argument with them.
• 72. T I have a very strong temper.
• 77. T I can’t help being a little rude to people I do not like.
• 86. F I am always patient with others even when they are irritating.
• 91. T I often quarrel with others.
• 97. T When people shout at me, I shout back.

Impulsive Sensation Seeking (ImpSS) – 19 items

• 1. T I tend to begin a new job without much advance planning on how I will do it.
• 6. F I usually think about what I am going to do before doing it.
• 14. T I often do things on impulse.
• 19. T I very seldom spend much time on the details of planning ahead.
• 24. T I like to have new and exciting experiences and sensations even if they are a little frightening.
• 29. F Before I begin a complicated job, I make careful plans.
• 34. T I would like to take off on a trip with no preplanned or definite routes or timetables.
• 39. T I enjoy getting into new situations where you can’t predict how things will turn out.
• 45. T I like doing things just for the thrill of it.
• 50. T I tend to change interests frequently.
• 55. T I sometimes like to do things that a little frightening.
• 60. T I’ll try anything once.
• 65. T I would like the kind of life where one is on the move and travelling a lot, with lots of change and excitement.
• 70. T I sometimes do “crazy” things just for fun.
• 75. T I like to explore a strange city or section of town by myself, even if it means getting lost.
• 79. T I prefer friends who are excitingly unpredictable.
• 84. T I often get so carried away by new and exciting things and ideas that I never think of possible complications.
• 89. T I am an impulsive person.
• 95. T I like “wild” uninhibited parties.

Neuroticism-Anxiety (N-Anx) – 19 items

• 2. F I do not worry about unimportant things.
• 7. T I am not very confident about myself or my abilities.
• 15. T I often feel restless for no apparent reason.
• 20. T I sometimes feel edgy and tense.
• 25. T My body often feels all tightened up for no apparent reason.
• 30. T I frequently get emotionally upset.
• 35. T I tend to be oversensitive and easily hurt by thoughtless remarks and actions of others.
• 41. T I am easily frightened.
• 46. T I sometimes feel panicky.
• 51. T I often think people I meet are better than I am.
• 56. T Sometimes when emotionally upset, I suddenly feel as if my legs are unsteady.
• 61. T I often feel unsure of myself.
• 66. T I often worry about things that other people think are unimportant.
• 71. T I often have trouble trying to make choices.
• 76. T My muscles are so tense that I feel tired much of the time.
• 80. T I often feel like crying sometimes without a reason.
• 85. F I don’t let a lot of trivial things irritate me.
• 90. T I often feel uncomfortable and ill at ease for no real reason.
• 96. T After buying something I often worry about having made the wrong choice.

Sociability (Sy) – 17 items

• 9. T I tend to start conversations at parties.
• 12. F I do not mind going out alone and usually prefer it to being out in a large group.
• 17. F I would not mind being alone in a place for some days without any human contacts.
• 22. T I spend as much time with my friends as I can.
• 27. T I often find myself being “the life of the party.”
• 37. F I do not need a large number of casual friends.
• 43. F I tend to be uncomfortable at big parties.
• 48. T At parties, I enjoy mingling with many people whether I already know them or not.
• 53. T I tend to start my social weekends on Thursday evenings.
• 58. T I would rather “hang out” with friends than work on something by myself.
• 63. F I would not mind being socially isolated in some place for some period of time.
• 68. F Generally, I like to be alone so I can do things I want to do without social distractions.
• 78. T I am a very sociable person.
• 82. T I need to feel that I am a vital part of a group.
• 87. F I usually prefer to do things alone.
• 92. T I probably spend more time than I should socializing with friends.
• 98. T I have more friends than most people do.

Infrequency Items

• 4. T I never met a person that I didn’t like.
• 10. T I have always told the truth.
• 26. T I always win at games.
• 32. T I have never been bored.
• 40. T I never get lost, even in unfamiliar places.
• 52. T I never get annoyed when people cut ahead of me in line.
• 69. T I never have any trouble understanding anything I read the first time I read it.
• 73. T I have never lost anything.
• 81. T No matter how hot or cold it gets, I am always quite comfortable.
• 93. T It doesn’t bother me if someone takes advantage of me.

7 External links

• https://ipip.ori.org/

• https://psytests.org/en.html

• https://openpsychometrics.org/

• https://www.psytoolkit.org/

• https://personality-project.org/

• The Personality Metablog http://www.personality-arp.org/metablog/.

• Silly puzzles https://icar-project.com/projects/icar-project/files.

• https://discovermyprofile.com/